Imvelaphi yembali
Ngenkulungwane ye-19, ngokuphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza kobungxowankulu, oongxowankulu baxhaphaza abasebenzi ngenkani ngokunyuka kwexesha labasebenzi kunye nokukhulisa abasebenzi ukuze bafumane ixabiso lentsalela. Abasebenzi basebenza ngaphezu kweeyure ezili-12 ngosuku kwaye iimeko zokusebenza zazimbi kakhulu.
Ukuqaliswa kweSuku lweSistim esisibhozo
Emva kwenkulungwane ye-19, ngakumbi ngentshukumo yohlaselwa, ubungakanani bomzabalazo wabasebenzi baseBritane bebesanda. NgoJuni 1847, iPalamente yaseBritane yadlula kwi-It-Tine yeyure yokusebenza yeyure. Ngo-1856, abenzi bogorha begolide eMelbourne, iBritani Australia, basebenzisa ithuba lokunqongophala kwabasebenzi kwaye balwa usuku lweeyure ezisibhozo. Emva kwe-1870s, abasebenzi baseBritane kumashishini athile bephumelele usuku lweeyure ezilithoba. NgoSeptemba we-1866, iLizwe lokuqala leHlabathi libambe ingqungquthela yokuqala eGeneva, apho isiphakamiso seMarx senkqubo yokufumana abasebenzi, Ukususela ngoko, abasebenzi kuwo onke amazwe baye balwa oongxowankulu kangangeyure ezisibhozo.
Ngo-1866, ingqungquthela yegeneva yelizwe lokuqala icebe isiqubulo seyure ezisibhozo. Kumzabalazo wezahlulo zehlabathi jikelele ngosuku lweeyure ezisibhozo, abasebenzi baseMelika bakhokela. Ekupheleni kwemfazwe yamakhaya yaseMelika ngo-1860s, abahlali baseMelika babeka isiqubulo 'esilwele usuku lweeyure ezisibhozo ". Isiqubulo sisasazeka ngokukhawuleza kwaye siyimpembelelo enkulu.
Iqhutywa yindibano yabasebenzi yaseMelika, ngo-1867, amazwe amathandathu epasile imithetho ekwakhetha usuku lweyure ezisibhozo. NgoJuni 1868, iCongstes eUnited States yazisa umthetho wokuqala we-Federal ngomhla weyure ezisibhozo kwimbali yaseMelika, esenza usuku iiyure ezisibhozo kubasebenzi bakarhulumente. Ngo-1876, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabulala umthetho wobumbano ngosuku lwesibhozo.
Ngo-1877 Kwakukho umlo wesizwe wokuqala kwimbali yaseMelika. Udidi oluya ezitratweni ukubonisa urhulumente ukuphucula ukusebenza nokuphila kunye nokufuna iiyure ezimfutshane zomsebenzi kunye nokwazisa ngeyure ezisibhozo. Phantsi kwengcinezelo eqatha evela kwintshukumo yabasebenzi, iCongress yase-US yanyanzeleka ukuba inike umthetho wosuku lweyure ezisibhozo, kodwa umthetho ekugqibeleni waba yileta efileyo.
Emva konyaka we-1880, umzabalazo owesibhozo waba ngumcimbi ophambili kwi-American Hando. Ngo-1882, abasebenzi baseMelika bacela ukuba uMvulo wokuqala ngoSeptemba wonyulwa njengosuku lwemiboniso yesitrato, kwaye walwa ngokungakhathali ngale nto. Ngo-1884, i-AFL yendibano yagqiba kwelokuba ngoMvulo wokuqala kaSeptemba kuya kuba lusuku lwesizwe lokuphumla abasebenzi. Nangona esi sigqibo sasingahambelani ngqo nomzabalazo weyure ezisibhozo, yanika impembelelo kumzabalazo weyure ezisibhozo. ICongress kwakufuneka idlulise umthetho owenza uMvulo wokuqala ngoSeptemba ngosuku lwabasebenzi. NgoDisemba 1884, ukwenzela ukukhuthaza ukuphuculwa komzabalazo weeyure ezisibhozo, i-AFL yenze isohlwayo sembali:
Ukunyuka okuqhubekayo kwentshukumo yabasebenzi
Ngo-Oktobha 1884, amaqela abasebenza kwi-United States kunye neCanada babephethe i-rally eChicago, eUnited States yosuku lwesibhozo, kwaye wagqiba kwelokuba anyanzelise umzabalazo obanzi nge-1 kaMeyi ". I-American American American American Live Lizwe lixhaswe ngenkuthalo kwaye iphendule, kwaye amawaka abasebenzi kwizixeko ezininzi bangena kumzabalazo.
Isigqibo se-AFL sifumene impendulo enomdla evela kubasebenzi kwi-United States. Ukususela ngo-1886, iklasi yabasebenzi yaseMelika iye yabamba imiboniso, ukubetha, kunye nee-boycotts ukunyanzela abaqeshi basebenze nge-1 kaMeyi. Umzabalazo weza entlokweni. Nge-1 kaMeyi, ngo-1886, abasebenzi abangama-350,000 eChicago kunye nezinye izixeko eUnited States zabamba umlo jikelele kunye nemiboniso, efuna ukuphunyezwa kwemida yeyure engama-8 kunye nokuphucula iimeko zomsebenzi. ISAZISO SESIQINISEKISO SESIQINISEKISO SOKUFUNDA, "Vuka, OoBanzi BeMelika! Nge-1 kaMeyi, ngo-1886 wabeka izixhobo zakho, wabeka phantsi umsebenzi wakho, vala imizi-mveliso yakho kunye nemigodi yenye imihla ngonyaka. Olu lusuku lwemvukelo, hayi kulonwabo! Olu ayilo mhla xa inkqubo yokufaka imisebenzi yehlabathi imiselwe sisithethi esivinjwe. Olu lusuku xa abasebenzi benza imithetho kwaye banamandla okubafaka oko! ... Olu lusuku xa ndiqala ukonwabela iiyure ezisibhozo zomsebenzi, iiyure ezisibhozo zokuphumla, kunye neeyure ezisibhozo zolawulo lwam.
Abasebenzi baqhubeka begwayimba, ukonakalisa imizi-mveliso yamashishini amakhulu eUnited States. Uloliwe uyekile ukusebenza, iivenkile zavalwa, kwaye zonke ii-dohohus zitywinwe.
Kodwa ugwayimbo lwacinezelwa ngabasemagunyeni base-US, abasebenzi abaninzi babulawa kwaye babanjwa, ilizwe lonke lishukunyiswe. Ngenkxaso ebanzi yezimvo zoluntu eziqhubela phambili kwihlabathi kunye nomzabalazo oqhubekayo wabasebenzi kwihlabathi liphela, urhulumente wase-US uqalise ukumiliselwa kwemini yokusebenza iiyure ezisibhozo ngenyanga, kwaye intshukumo yabasebenzi baseMelika iphumelele uloyiso lokuqala.
Ukusekwa kukaMeyi 1 uSuku lwaBasebenzi
NgoJulayi 1889, yesibini yeSibini iLizwe, ikhokelwa yi-Eess, yabamba iCongress eParis. Ukukhumbula i "Mhla" mayibe mini mayibe ngabasebenzi baseMelika, ibonisa ukuba "abasebenza" behlabathi, bedibanisa! " Amandla amakhulu okukhuthaza umzabalazo wabasebenzi kuwo onke amazwe abe semini yokusebenza iiyure ezisibhozo, intlanganiso igqitha isisombululo, nge-1 kaMeyi, yaza yagqiba kwelokuba ibe yi-Meyi yoSuku lwaMazwe ngaMazwe, oko kukuthi, ngoku "uSuku lwaBasebenzi lweHlabathi."
Nge-1 kaMeyi, ngo-1890, abasebenzi baseYurophu nase-United States bakhokela ekuthatheni ezitratweni ukuba bamba imiboniso kunye nemidlalo yokulwa amalungelo abo kunye nemidla. Ukususela ngelo xesha ukuya phambili, ngalo lonke ixesha ngalo mhla, abantu abasebenza kuwo onke amazwe baya kubutha kwaye babhiyozela ukubhiyozela.
Intshukumo yabasebenzi kaMeyi eRussia kunye neSoviet Union
Emva kokufa kuka-Agasti ngo-Agasti 1895, amathuba kwiLizwe lesiBini aqala ukufumana amandla, kwaye amaqela abasebenzi abakwiintlangano zaye zangamanye amazwe. Emva kokuqhambuka kwemfazwe yehlabathi yokuqala, iinkokheli zala maqela zingcatsha kakhulu ngenxa yelizwe liphela kunye nentlalontle kwaye zaba zii-suuvinists zentlalo. Ngaphantsi kwesiqubulo "I-Infreth yelizwe", "bayabakhuthaza abasebenzi kuwo onke amazwe ukuba bazibulale ngokubulawa kwabantu be-bourgeoisie. Yiyo loo nto umbutho wesibini uchithelwe kunye nosuku lwangomhla, uphawu lobunye bamazwe aphesheya, lwapheliswa. Emva kokuphela kwemfazwe, ngenxa yokupakishwa kwenqanaba le-prolicarian probarian prolimarian, ezi zityholo, ukuze zincedise i-bourgeoie inyibilikisi, kwaye iphinde ithathe isibhengezo somhla we-protarian ukukhohlisa impembelelo yempembelelo yotshintsho. Ukusukela ngoko, kumbuzo wokuba indlela yokukhumbula "ngoMeyi", kuye kwakho umzabalazo obukhali phakathi kwee-marxists zemfazwe kunye neenguqu ngeendlela ezimbini.
Phantsi kobunkokeli beLenin, i-proletariat yaseRussia yaqala ukunxulumana ne- "MALE" UMNYANGO WOKUGQIBELA WOKUGQIBELA WOKUGQIBELA, WOKUKHANYA "INDLELA YOKUZIPHATHA KAKUHLE, UMNYANGO WOKUGQIBELA WOKUGQIBELA WOKUGQIBELA WOKUGQIBELA WOKUGQIBELA. Isikhumbuzo sokuqala sangomhla we-Russia nge-Russia i-proletariat yayingu-1891. Ngomhla we-1900, i-Moscow, i-TBEROW, iTiilivis, iKiev, iRostov kunye nezinye izixeko ezininzi ezinkulu. Ukulandela imiyalelo kaLenin, ngo-1901 nango-1902, ukusikhumbuza kwabasebenzi baseRussia kusenokwenzeka ukuba usuku luye lwakhula kakhulu, ukuguquka kuManyango kungqubana kunye nomkhosi.
NgoJulayi ngo-1903, iRussia yamisela iqela lokuqala lokulwa nge-marxist evuthayo kwi-proluticar yehlabathi. Kule nkomfa, isisombululo esoyisayo kowasekuqaleni kweyokwenziwe yi-lenin. Ukususela ngoko, ukukhunjulwa kweMihla ngemihla nge-propaties yaseRussia, kunye nokukhokela kweqela, kungene kwinqanaba lokuguqula. Ukusukela ngoko, imibhiyozo yemini yayibanjwa rhoqo ngonyaka eRussia, kwaye intshukumo yabasebenzi iye yaqhubeka nokunyuka, kubandakanya amashumi amawaka abasebenzi, kunye nokungqubana phakathi kwabantu kunye nomkhosi wenzekile.
Ngenxa yoloyiso lwenguqu ka-Okthobha, abasebenzi abasebenzayo baseSoviet baqala ukukhumbula ngoSuku lwaBasebenzi beHlabathi kwicandelo labo lokuzabalaza kwi-prolikariary yendlela yokuphumelela kwe-prolikariary, kunye ne "MALI" laqala ukuba yintshutshiso kwaye ilwela fkulanda kula mazwe.
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IXESHA LOKUQALA: I-01 ukuya ku-024