Imvelaphi yembali
Ngenkulungwane ye-19, ngokukhula okukhawulezileyo kobukapitali, oongxowankulu ngokuqhelekileyo babexhaphaza abasebenzi ngenkohlakalo ngokwandisa ixesha labasebenzi noxinzeleko lwabasebenzi ukuze kufunyanwe ixabiso elithe chatha lentsalela ngokusukela ingeniso. Abasebenzi basebenza iiyure ezingaphezu kwe-12 ngosuku kwaye iimeko zokusebenza zazimbi kakhulu.
Ukwaziswa kosuku lokusebenza lweeyure ezisibhozo
Emva kwenkulungwane ye-19, ngakumbi ngentshukumo yeChartist, isikali somzabalazo wabasebenzi baseBritane uye wanda. NgoJuni 1847, iPalamente yaseBritani yawisa uMthetho woSuku lokuSebenza lweeyure ezilishumi. Ngowe-1856, abasebenzi basemgodini wegolide eMelbourne, eBritani eOstreliya, baxhakamfula ithuba lokunqongophala kwabasebenzi baza balwela iiyure ezisibhozo ngosuku. Emva kweminyaka yee-1870, abasebenzi baseBritani kwimizi-mveliso ethile baphumelela usuku lweeyure ezisithoba. NgoSeptemba 1866, i-First International yabamba inkongolo yayo yokuqala e-Geneva, apho, ngesindululo sikaMarx, "uthintelo olusemthethweni lwenkqubo yomsebenzi linyathelo lokuqala elibhekiselele kuphuhliso lwengqondo, amandla omzimba kunye nenkululeko yokugqibela yabasebenzi," waphumelela isisombululo "sokuzama iiyure ezisibhozo zosuku lokusebenza." Ukusukela ngoko, abasebenzi kuwo onke amazwe balwa nongxowankulu kangangeeyure ezisibhozo.
Ngo-1866, iNkomfa yaseGeneva yeHlabathi yokuQala yaphakamisa isilogeni sosuku lweeyure ezisibhozo. Kumzabalazo wabasebenzi bamazwe ngamazwe ngosuku lweeyure ezisibhozo, abasebenzi baseMelika bakhokela. Ekupheleni kweMfazwe yaseMelika yaseMelika ngeminyaka yoo-1860, abasebenzi baseMelika babeka ngokucacileyo isiqubulo esithi "ukulwela imini yeeyure ezisibhozo". Isilogeni sasasazeka ngokukhawuleza saza saba nempembelelo enkulu.
Iqhutywa ngumbutho wabasebenzi waseMelika, ngo-1867, amazwe amathandathu awisa imithetho eyalela ukuba kusebenze iiyure ezisibhozo ngosuku. NgoJuni 1868, iNkongolo yaseUnited States yenza umthetho wokuqala womanyano ngosuku oluziiyure ezisibhozo kwimbali yaseMelika, yenza ukuba usuku lweeyure ezisibhozo lusebenze kubasebenzi bakarhulumente. Ngowe-1876, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yawutshitshisa umthetho welizwe ngosuku lweeyure ezisibhozo.
Ngo-1877 kwabakho ugwayimbo lokuqala lwesizwe kwimbali yaseMelika. Abasebenzi babhenela ezitalatweni bebonisa urhulumente ukuba aphucule iimeko abasebenza phantsi kwazo nabaphila ngokufuna iiyure ezimfutshane zokusebenza nokumiselwa kosuku oluziiyure ezisibhozo. Phantsi koxinzelelo olumandla oluvela kumbutho wabasebenzi, iNkongolo yase-US yanyanzelwa ukuba iwise umthetho weentsuku ezisibhozo, kodwa umthetho ekugqibeleni waba yileta efileyo.
Emva kweminyaka yoo-1880, umzabalazo weentsuku ezisibhozo waba ngumba ophambili kumbutho wabasebenzi baseMelika. Ngo-1882, abasebenzi baseMelika bacebisa ukuba ngoMvulo wokuqala ngoSeptemba wonyulwe njengosuku lokubonisa ezitalatweni, kwaye balwela ngokungadinwa oku. Kwi-1884, indibano ye-AFL yagqiba ekubeni ngoMvulo wokuqala ngoSeptemba kuya kuba nguMhla weSizwe wokuphumla kwabasebenzi. Nangona esi sigqibo sasinganxulumani ngokuthe ngqo nomzabalazo wosuku oluziiyure ezisibhozo, kodwa sawufaka ngamandla umzabalazo wosuku oluziyure ezisibhozo. ICongress kwafuneka ipasise umthetho owenza uMvulo wokuqala ngoSeptemba ube nguMhla woMsebenzi. NgoDisemba 1884, ukuze kuphuhliswe uphuhliso lomzabalazo weentsuku ezisibhozo, i-AFL nayo yenza isigqibo esiyimbali: “Iimanyano zabasebenzi eziququzelelweyo kunye neeFederations of Labor eUnited States naseKhanada ziye zagqiba kwelokuba, ukususela ngoMeyi. Ngomhla woku-1, 1886, umhla wokuSebenza ngokusemthethweni uya kuba ziiyure ezisibhozo, kwaye ucebisa kuyo yonke imibutho yezaBasebenzi kwiSithili ukuba inokuguqula iindlela zayo zokusebenza ukuze ihambelane nesi sigqibo ngalo mhla ukhankanyiweyo.”
Ukunyuka okuqhubekayo kwentshukumo yabasebenzi
Ngo-Oktobha 1884, amaqela asibhozo abasebenzi bezizwe ngezizwe nabezizwe ngezizwe eUnited States naseKhanada babambe indibano eChicago, eUnited States, belwela ukufezekiswa “kosuku lomsebenzi oluziiyure ezisibhozo”, baza bagqiba kwelokuba baqalise umzabalazo obanzi. kwaye bagqiba ekubeni babambe uqhankqalazo jikelele ngomhla woku-1 kuMeyi, 1886, benyanzela oongxowankulu ukuba baphumeze usuku lomsebenzi lweeyure ezisibhozo. Abasebenzi baseMelika kulo lonke ilizwe baxhasa kwaye basabela ngehlombe, kwaye amawaka abasebenzi kwizixeko ezininzi bazimanya nomzabalazo.
Isigqibo se-AFL safumana impendulo enehlombe kubasebenzi kulo lonke elase-United States. Ukusukela ngo-1886, abasebenzi baseMelika baye babamba uqhanqalazo, uqhankqalazo, nokwala ukunyanzela abaqeshi ukuba bathathe iiyure ezisibhozo emsebenzini ngoMeyi 1. Umzabalazo uye wafikelela esiphelweni ngoMeyi. NgoMeyi 1, 1886, abasebenzi abangama-350 000 eChicago nakwezinye izixeko zaseUnited States babamba uqhankqalazo noqhanqalazo, befuna ukuphunyezwa kosuku lomsebenzi lweeyure ezisi-8 nokuphucula iimeko zokusebenza. Isaziso soqhankqalazo lwaBasebenzi abaManyeneyo sifundeka ngolu hlobo, “Sukumani, basebenzi baseMelika! Ngomhla woku-1 kuCanzibe, ngo-1886 wabeka phantsi izixhobo zakho, wabeka phantsi umsebenzi wakho, wavala iifektri zakho kunye nemigodi yakho usuku olunye ngonyaka. Lo ngumhla wovukelo, hayi ulonwabo! Olu ayilulo usuku apho inkqubo yokukhobokisa uMsebenzi wehlabathi imiselwe ngulowo udelekileyo. Lo ngumhla apho abasebenzi bezenzela eyabo imithetho kwaye babe negunya lokuyisebenzisa! … Olu lusuku endiqalisa ngalo ukonwabela iiyure ezisibhozo zokusebenza, iiyure ezisibhozo zokuphumla, kunye neeyure ezisibhozo zolawulo lwam.
Abasebenzi baye bagwayimba, nto leyo ephazamisa imizi-mveliso emikhulu eUnited States. Oololiwe bayeka ukuhamba, iivenkile zavalwa, yaye zonke iindawo zokugcina zavalwa.
Kodwa uqhankqalazo lwacinezelwa ngabasemagunyeni base-US, abasebenzi abaninzi babulawa baza babanjwa, kwaye ilizwe lonke lashukunyiswa. Ngenkxaso ebanzi yoluvo loluntu olunenkqubela-phambili kwihlabathi kunye nomzabalazo ozingisileyo wabasebenzi kwihlabathi liphela, urhulumente wase-US ekugqibeleni wabhengeza ukuphunyezwa kosuku lokusebenza lweeyure ezisibhozo kwinyanga kamva, kwaye intshukumo yabasebenzi baseMelika yaphumelela inyathelo lokuqala. uloyiso.
Ukusekwa koMhla woku-1 kuCanzibe woSuku lweHlabathi lwaBasebenzi
NgoJulayi 1889, iSecond International, ekhokelwa nguEngels, yabamba inkongolo eParis. Ukukhumbula uqhankqalazo luka "Meyi Day" lwabasebenzi baseMelika, lubonisa "Abasebenzi behlabathi, manyana!" Amandla amakhulu okukhuthaza umzabalazo wabasebenzi kuwo onke amazwe ngosuku lokusebenza iiyure ezisibhozo, intlanganiso yawisa isigqibo, ngoMeyi 1, 1890, abasebenzi bezizwe ngezizwe babambe umngcelele, bagqiba kwelokuba bamise umhla woku-1 kuMeyi njengosuku lweZizwe ngeZizwe. Usuku lwaBasebenzi, ngoku, “ngomhla woku-1 kuMeyi woSuku lweHlabathi lwaBasebenzi.”
NgoMeyi 1, 1890, abasebenzi baseYurophu naseUnited States bakhokela ekungeneni ezitratweni ukuze baqhube uqhanqalazo olukhulu neendibano zokulwela amalungelo nezilangazelelo zabo ezisemthethweni. Ukusukela ngoko ukuya phambili, ngalo lonke ixesha ngolu suku, abantu abasebenzayo bawo onke amazwe ehlabathi baya kuhlanganisana kwaye benze imiboniso ukuze babhiyozele.
I-May Day Labor Movement eRashiya naseSoviet Union
Emva kokusweleka kuka-Engels ngo-Agasti ka-1895, oonomathuba kwiSecond International baqala ukufumana ulawulo, kwaye amaqela abasebenzi akwi-Second International ngokuthe ngcembe aguquka abe ngamaqela otshintsho olutsha. Emva kokuqhambuka kweMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala, iinkokeli zala maqela zaye zangcatsha ngokusekuhleni unobangela we-proletarian internationalism kunye ne-socialism kwaye zaba ngama-chauvinists ezentlalo ngokuthanda imfazwe yama-impiriyali. Phantsi kwentetho ethi “ukhuselo lwelizwe looyise,” ngokungenazintloni baxhokonxa abasebenzi bawo onke amazwe ukuba babandakanyeke ekuxhelaneni ngogonyamelo ukuze kungenelwe oohlohlesakhe babo. Ngaloo ndlela umbutho weSibini samazwe ngamazwe waqhekeka kwaye uSuku lukaMeyi, uphawu lomanyano lwabasebenzi bamazwe ngamazwe, lwapheliswa. Emva kokuphela kwemfazwe, ngenxa yokwanda kwentshukumo yoguqulo lwabasebenzi kumazwe angama-impiriyali, aba bangcatshi, ukuze bancede oohlohlesakhe bacinezele intshukumo yovukelo lwabasebenzi, baphinde bathabatha ibhanile yeSibini yaMazwe ngaMazwe ukukhohlisa abantu. abasebenzi, kwaye baye basebenzisa iindibano zeMay Day kunye nemiboniso ukuze basasaze impembelelo yohlaziyo. Ukususela ngoko, kumbuzo wendlela yokukhumbula "uMhla kaMeyi", kukho umzabalazo obukhali phakathi kwe-revolutionary Marxists kunye nabaguquleli ngeendlela ezimbini.
Phantsi kobunkokeli bukaLenin, i-proletariat yaseRashiya yaqala yadibanisa isikhumbuzo "seMeyi" kunye nemisebenzi yenguqu yamaxesha ahlukeneyo, kwaye yakhumbula umnyhadala we-"May Day" wonyaka kunye nezenzo zenguqu, okwenza ngokwenene i-Meyi 1 ibe ngumthendeleko wenguqu yabasebenzi bamazwe ngamazwe. Isikhumbuzo sokuqala soMhla kaMeyi ngumbutho wabasebenzi baseRashiya ngowe-1891. NgoMeyi Day 1900, kwaqhutywa iindibano noqhanqalazo lwabasebenzi ePetersburg, eMoscow, eKharkiv, eTifris (ngoku eyiTbilisi), eKiev, eRostov nakwezinye izixeko ezikhulu ezininzi. Belandela imiyalelo kaLenin, ngowe-1901 nangowe-1902, uqhanqalazo lwabasebenzi baseRashiya lokukhumbula uMeyi Day lwakhula ngokuphawulekayo, lwaguquka lwaba lungquzulwano olwaphalala igazi phakathi kwabasebenzi nomkhosi.
NgoJulayi 1903, iRashiya yaseka iqela lokuqala loguqulo lokwenene likaMarxist kwi-proletariat yamazwe ngamazwe. Kule Nkongolo, idrafti yesigqibo ngomhla wokuqala kaMeyi yabhalwa nguLenin. Ukususela ngoko, isikhumbuzo soMhla kaMeyi yi-proletariat yaseRashiya, kunye nobunkokeli beQela, ingene kwinqanaba lokuguqula ngakumbi. Ukususela ngoko, imibhiyozo yeMay Day ibiqhutywa minyaka le eRashiya, yaye intshukumo yabasebenzi iye yaqhubeka isanda, ibandakanya amashumi amawaka abasebenzi, yaye kuye kwakho ungquzulwano phakathi kwenkitha nomkhosi.
Ngenxa yoloyiso lweRevolution ka-Oktobha, abasebenzi baseSoviet baqalisa ukukhumbula uSuku lweHlabathi lwaBasebenzi lweMay Day kummandla wabo ukususela ngo-1918. ulawulo lobuzwilakhe lweqela labasebenzi, kwaye umnyhadala we-“May Day” waqalisa ukuba yinguqu ngokwenene kunye nomlo.estival kula mazwe.
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Ixesha lokuposa: May-01-2024