Imvelaphi yembali
Kwinkulungwane ye-19, ngenxa yophuhliso olukhawulezileyo lwe-capitalism, oongxowankulu babexhaphaza abasebenzi ngogonyamelo ngokwandisa ixesha lokusebenza kunye nobunzima bomsebenzi ukuze bafumane ixabiso elingaphezulu lokufuna inzuzo. Abasebenzi babesebenza iiyure ezingaphezu kwe-12 ngosuku kwaye iimeko zokusebenza zazimbi kakhulu.
Ukwaziswa kosuku lokusebenza oluthatha iiyure ezisibhozo
Emva kwenkulungwane ye-19, ingakumbi ngentshukumo yamaChartist, ubukhulu bomzabalazo wabasebenzi baseBritane buye banda. NgoJuni 1847, iPalamente yaseBritane yapasisa uMthetho woSuku lokuSebenza weeyure ezilishumi. Ngo-1856, abembi begolide eMelbourne, eBritish Australia, basebenzise ithuba lokunqongophala kwabasebenzi baza balwela usuku lweeyure ezisibhozo. Emva kweminyaka yoo-1870, abasebenzi baseBritane kwimizi-mveliso ethile baphumelela usuku lweeyure ezisithoba. NgoSeptemba 1866, iFirst International yabamba ingqungquthela yayo yokuqala eGeneva, apho, ngokwesindululo sikaMarx, "ukuthintelwa ngokomthetho kwenkqubo yomsebenzi linyathelo lokuqala lophuhliso lwengqondo, amandla omzimba kunye nokukhululwa kokugqibela kwabasebenzi," bapasisa isigqibo "sokulwela iiyure ezisibhozo zosuku lokusebenza." Ukususela ngoko, abasebenzi kuwo onke amazwe baye balwa noongxowankulu ngosuku lweeyure ezisibhozo.
Ngo-1866, iNkomfa yaseGeneva ye-First International yacebisa isiqubulo sosuku lweeyure ezisibhozo. Kumzabalazo wabasebenzi bamazwe ngamazwe wosuku lweeyure ezisibhozo, udidi lwabasebenzi baseMelika lwakhokela. Ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yamakhaya yaseMelika ngeminyaka yoo-1860, abasebenzi baseMelika babeka ngokucacileyo isiqubulo esithi “ukulwela usuku lweeyure ezisibhozo”. Esi siqubulo sasasazeka ngokukhawuleza saza safumana impembelelo enkulu.
Iqhutywa yintshukumo yabasebenzi baseMelika, ngo-1867, amazwe amathandathu apasisa imithetho eyayiyalela ukuba kubekho usuku lokusebenza lweeyure ezisibhozo. NgoJuni 1868, i-United States Congress yamisela umthetho wokuqala karhulumente wosuku lweeyure ezisibhozo kwimbali yaseMelika, nto leyo eyenza ukuba usuku lweeyure ezisibhozo lusebenze kubasebenzi bakarhulumente. Ngo-1876, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawucima umthetho karhulumente wosuku lweeyure ezisibhozo.
Ngowe-1877 kwabakho uqhankqalazo lokuqala lwesizwe kwimbali yaseMelika. Abasebenzi bangena ezitalatweni beyokubonisa urhulumente ukuba baphucule iimeko zokusebenza nezokuhlala, befuna ukuba iiyure zokusebenza zincitshiswe kwaye kuqaliswe usuku oluthatha iiyure ezisibhozo. Phantsi koxinzelelo olukhulu oluvela kwintshukumo yabasebenzi, iCongress yase-US yanyanzelwa ukuba imisele umthetho othatha iiyure ezisibhozo ngosuku, kodwa ekugqibeleni umthetho waba yinto engasenamsebenzi.
Emva kweminyaka yoo-1880, umzabalazo wosuku lweeyure ezisibhozo waba yingxaki ephambili kwintshukumo yabasebenzi baseMelika. Ngo-1882, abasebenzi baseMelika bacebisa ukuba uMvulo wokuqala kaSeptemba ubekwe njengosuku lwemiboniso yasesitalatweni, baza balwela ngokungakhathali oku. Ngo-1884, ingqungquthela ye-AFL yagqiba kwelokuba uMvulo wokuqala kaSeptemba uza kuba luSuku lweSizwe lokuphumla kwabasebenzi. Nangona esi sigqibo sasinganxulumananga ngokuthe ngqo nomzabalazo wosuku lweeyure ezisibhozo, sanika amandla umzabalazo wosuku lweeyure ezisibhozo. ICongress kwafuneka idlulise umthetho owenza uMvulo wokuqala kaSeptemba ube luSuku lwaBasebenzi. NgoDisemba 1884, ukuze kukhuthazwe uphuhliso lomzabalazo wosuku lweeyure ezisibhozo, i-AFL ikwanike isigqibo sembali: “IiManyano zaBasebenzi eziHlanganisiweyo kunye neeFederations of Labour e-United States naseKhanada zigqibe kwelokuba, ukusukela nge-1 kaMeyi 1886, usuku lwaBasebenzi olusemthethweni luza kuba ziiyure ezisibhozo, kwaye zicebisa zonke imibutho yaBasebenzi kwiSithili ukuba zitshintshe iindlela zazo ukuze zihambelane nesi sigqibo ngomhla ochaziweyo.”
Ukwanda okuqhubekayo kwentshukumo yabasebenzi
Ngo-Okthobha ka-1884, amaqela asibhozo abasebenzi bamazwe ngamazwe nabelizwe lonke eMelika naseKhanada abambe indibano eChicago, eMelika, ukuze alwele ukuphunyezwa “kosuku lomsebenzi lweeyure ezisibhozo”, aze agqibe ekubeni aqalise umzabalazo obanzi, aze agqibe ekubeni abambe uqhankqalazo oluqhelekileyo ngoMeyi 1, 1886, enyanzela oongxowankulu ukuba basebenzise usuku lomsebenzi lweeyure ezisibhozo. Udidi lwabasebenzi baseMelika kulo lonke ilizwe lwaxhasa kwaye lwasabela ngenzondelelo, kwaye amawaka abasebenzi kwizixeko ezininzi bajoyina umzabalazo.
Isigqibo se-AFL safumana impendulo enomdla kubasebenzi kulo lonke elase-United States. Ukususela ngo-1886, udidi lwabasebenzi baseMelika luye lwabamba imiboniso, imibhikisho, kunye nokungavumi ukunyanzela abaqeshi ukuba bamkele usuku lokusebenza lweeyure ezisibhozo ngomhla woku-1 kuMeyi. Lo mzabalazo wafikelela esiphelweni ngoMeyi. Ngomhla woku-1 kuMeyi, ngo-1886, abasebenzi abangama-350,000 eChicago nakwezinye izixeko e-United States babambe ugwayimbo oluqhelekileyo kunye nomboniso, befuna ukuba kuphunyezwe usuku lokusebenza lweeyure ezisi-8 kunye nokuphucula iimeko zokusebenza. Isaziso somlo we-United Workers sasifundeka ngolu hlobo, “Vukani, basebenzi baseMelika! Ngomhla woku-1 kuCanzibe, ngo-1886 beka phantsi izixhobo zenu, beka phantsi imisebenzi yenu, vala iifektri zenu kunye nemigodi yenu usuku olunye ngonyaka. Lo ngumhla wovukelo, hayi ukuphumla! Lo asinguwo umhla apho inkqubo yokugqilaza iLabour yehlabathi imiselwe sisithethi esidumileyo. Lo ngumhla apho abasebenzi benza imithetho yabo kwaye banamandla okuyisebenzisa! … Lo ngumhla endiqala ngawo ukonwabela iiyure ezisibhozo zomsebenzi, iiyure ezisibhozo zokuphumla, kunye neeyure ezisibhozo zolawulo lwam.
Abasebenzi baqalisa umlo, nto leyo eyaphazamisa amashishini amakhulu eMelika. Oololiwe bayeka ukusebenza, iivenkile zavalwa, kwaye zonke iindawo zokugcina impahla zavalwa.
Kodwa uqhankqalazo lwacinywa ziigunya zase-US, abasebenzi abaninzi babulawa baza babanjwa, kwaye lonke ilizwe lashukuma. Ngenkxaso ebanzi yoluvo loluntu oluqhubekekayo kwihlabathi liphela kunye nomzabalazo oqhubekayo wabasebenzi kwihlabathi liphela, urhulumente wase-US ekugqibeleni wabhengeza ukuphunyezwa kosuku lokusebenza lweeyure ezisibhozo emva kwenyanga, kwaye intshukumo yabasebenzi baseMelika yaphumelela okokuqala.
Ukusekwa koSuku lwaBasebenzi lwaMazwe ngaMazwe nge-1 kaMeyi
NgoJulayi 1889, i-Second International, eyayikhokelwa ngu-Engels, yabamba ingqungquthela eParis. Ukukhumbula ugwayimbo lwabasebenzi baseMelika "ngoMeyi", ibonisa "Basebenzi behlabathi, manyanani!" Amandla amakhulu okukhuthaza umzabalazo wabasebenzi kuwo onke amazwe ngosuku olusebenza iiyure ezisibhozo, intlanganiso yapasisa isigqibo, ngoMeyi 1, 1890, abasebenzi behlabathi babamba umngcelele, baza bagqiba ekubeni babeke uMeyi 1 njengosuku loSuku lwaBasebenzi beHlabathi, oko kukuthi, ngoku "ngoMeyi 1 woSuku lwaBasebenzi beHlabathi."
Ngomhla woku-1 kuCanzibe, ngo-1890, abasebenzi baseYurophu naseMelika bakhokela ekungeneni ezitalatweni ukuze babambe imiboniso emikhulu kunye neendibano ukuze balwele amalungelo abo asemthethweni kunye nomdla wabo. Ukususela ngoko, ngalo lonke ixesha ngalo mhla, abantu abasebenza kuwo onke amazwe ehlabathini baya kuhlanganisana baze bamatshe ukuze babhiyozele.
Intshukumo Yabasebenzi Ngosuku LukaMeyi eRashiya naseSoviet Union
Emva kokufa kuka-Engels ngo-Agasti 1895, abantu abanomdla kwi-Second International baqala ukubusa, kwaye amaqela abasebenzi akwi-Second International aguquka kancinci kancinci aba ngamaqela aguqulayo. Emva kokuqhambuka kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuQala, iinkokeli zala maqela zayingcatsha ngokuphandle ngakumbi imbangela yobuzwe babasebenzi kunye nobusoshiyali kwaye zaba ngabalandeli bezentlalo abaxhasa imfazwe yobukoloniyali. Phantsi kwesiqubulo esithi "ukukhusela ilizwe looyise," ngokungenazintloni bakhuthaza abasebenzi bamazwe onke ukuba babandakanyeke ekubulaleni omnye nomnye ukuze kuzuze ubukoloniyali babo. Ngaloo ndlela umbutho we-Second International waqhekeka kwaye uSuku lweMeyi, uphawu lomanyano lwabasebenzi bamazwe ngamazwe, lwapheliswa. Emva kokuphela kwemfazwe, ngenxa yokwanda kwentshukumo yoguquko lwabasebenzi kumazwe obukoloniyali, aba bangcatshi, ukuze bancede ubukoloniyali bucinezele intshukumo yoguquko lwabasebenzi, baphinde bathabatha ibhanile ye-Second International ukukhohlisa abantu abasebenzayo, kwaye basebenzise iindibano kunye nemiboniso yoSuku lweMeyi ukusasaza impembelelo yoguquko. Ukususela ngoko, kumbuzo wokuba luza kukhunjulwa njani “uSuku lukaMeyi”, kubekho umzabalazo oqatha phakathi kwamaMarx avukelayo kunye namaqela aguqulayo ngeendlela ezimbini.
Phantsi kobunkokeli bukaLenin, iqela labasebenzi baseRashiya laqala ngokunxulumanisa isikhumbuzo "seMeyi Day" nemisebenzi yoguquko yamaxesha ahlukeneyo, laza lakhumbula umnyhadala wonyaka "weMeyi Day" nezenzo zoguquko, okwenza uMeyi 1 waba ngumnyhadala woguquko lwabasebenzi bamazwe ngamazwe. Isikhumbuzo sokuqala seMeyi Day yiqela labasebenzi baseRashiya sasingowe-1891. NgoMeyi Day 1900, iindibano kunye nemiboniso yabasebenzi yabanjwa ePetersburg, eMoscow, eKharkiv, eTifris (ngoku eyiTbilisi), eKiev, eRostov nakwezinye izixeko ezikhulu ezininzi. Ngokulandela imiyalelo kaLenin, ngo-1901 nango-1902, imiboniso yabasebenzi baseRashiya yokukhumbula uMeyi Day yakhula kakhulu, yajika ukusuka kwimingcelele yaba ziingxabano ezichitha igazi phakathi kwabasebenzi nomkhosi.
NgoJulayi 1903, iRashiya yaseka iqela lokuqala elilwela uguquko lweMarxist leqela labasebenzi bamazwe ngamazwe. Kule Nkomfa, uLenin wabhala isigqibo ngomhla wokuqala kuMeyi. Ukususela ngoko, ukukhunjulwa koSuku lweMeyi yiqela labasebenzi baseRussia, kunye nenkokheli yeQela, kungene kwinqanaba loguquko olungakumbi. Ukususela ngoko, imibhiyozo yoSuku lweMeyi ibibanjwa minyaka le eRashiya, kwaye intshukumo yabasebenzi iqhubekile nokunyuka, ibandakanya amashumi amawaka abasebenzi, kwaye kubekho ukungqubana phakathi kwabantu abaninzi kunye nomkhosi.
Ngenxa yoloyiso lweNguquko ka-Okthobha, abasebenzi baseSoviet baqala ukukhumbula uSuku lweMisebenzi lwaMazwe ngaMazwe lweMeyi kummandla wabo ukususela ngo-1918. Abasebenzi kwihlabathi liphela nabo baqalisa indlela yomzabalazo wokufezekisa ulawulo lobuzwilakhe lwabasebenzi, kwaye umnyhadala we-“May Day” waqala ukuba ngumkhosi woguquko ngokwenene nowokulwa.i-estival kula mazwe.
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Ixesha lokuthumela: Meyi-01-2024