Izibane zemoto ngokuqhelekileyo zenziwe ngamacandelo amathathu: ibhalbhu yokukhanya, isibonisi kunye nesipili esihambelanayo (isipili se-astigmatism).
1. ibhalbhu
Iibhalbhu ezisetyenziswa kwizibane zemoto ziibhalbhu ze-incandescent, ii-halogen tungsten bulbs, izibane ze-arc ezikhanyayo ezikhanyayo njalo njalo.
1 Ngethuba lokuvelisa, ukwenzela ukwandisa ubomi benkonzo ye-bulb, i-bulb igcwele igesi ye-inert (i-nitrogen kunye nomxube wayo weegesi ezingenayo). Oku kunokunciphisa ukuphuma komphunga kocingo lwe-tungsten, ukonyusa ubushushu befilamenti, kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle okukhanyayo. Ukukhanya okuvela kwibhalbhu ye-incandescent kunombala otyheli.
(2) Isibane seTungsten halide: Ibhalbhu yokukhanya yeTungsten halide ifakwe kwirhasi engasebenziyo kwindawo ethile yehalide (efana ne-iodine, iklorini, ifluorine, ibromine, njl. I-tungsten yegesi ephuphumayo kwi-filament isabela kunye ne-halogen ukuvelisa i-tungsten halide eguquguqukayo, esasazeka kwindawo yokushisa ephezulu kufuphi ne-filament, kwaye iboliswe bubushushu, ukuze i-tungsten ibuyiselwe kwi-filament. I-halogen ekhutshiweyo iyaqhubeka nokusasazeka kwaye ithatha inxaxheba kwimpendulo yomjikelo olandelayo, ngoko ke umjikelo uyaqhubeka, ngaloo ndlela uthintela ukuvela komphunga kwe-tungsten kunye nokuba mnyama kwebhalbhu. I-tungsten halogen isayizi yebhalbhu yokukhanya incinci, iqokobhe lebhalbhu lenziwe ngeglasi yequartz enokumelana nobushushu obuphezulu kunye namandla omatshini aphezulu, phantsi kwamandla afanayo, ukukhanya kwesibane se-tungsten halogen kuphindwe ka-1.5 kwisibane se-incandescent, kwaye ubomi bu-2 ukuya 3 amaxesha ngaphezulu.
(3) Isibane esitsha sokukhanya okuphezulu kwe-arc: Esi sibane asinaso imicu yesiqhelo kwibhalbhu. Kunoko, ii-electrode ezimbini zifakwe ngaphakathi kwityhubhu ye-quartz. Ityhubhu igcwele i-xenon kunye neentsimbi zokulandelela (okanye i-metal halides), kwaye xa kukho i-arc voltage eyaneleyo kwi-electrode (5000 ~ 12000V), igesi iqala ukwenza i-ionize kwaye iqhube umbane. Iiathom zerhasi zikwimo echulumancisayo kwaye ziqala ukuvelisa ukukhanya ngenxa yenguqu yenqanaba lamandla eelektroni. Emva kwe-0.1s, inani elincinci lomphunga we-mercury liyaphuphuma phakathi kwe-electrodes, kwaye ukunikezelwa kwamandla ngokukhawuleza kudluliselwe kwi-mercury vapor arc discharge, kwaye emva koko idluliselwe kwisibane se-halide arc emva kokunyuka kweqondo lokushisa. Emva kokuba ukukhanya kufikelele kubushushu obuqhelekileyo bokusebenza kwebhulbhu, amandla okugcina ukukhutshwa kwe-arc aphantsi kakhulu (malunga ne-35w), ngoko ke i-40% yamandla ombane inokugcinwa.
