Izibane zemoto ngokubanzi zenziwe ngamacandelo amathathu: ibhalbhu yokukhanya, isibonisi-mbonakalo kunye nesipili esihambelanayo (isipili se-astigmatism).
1. ibhalbhu
Iibhalbhu ezisetyenziswa kwizibane zemoto ziibhalbhu ze-incandescent, iibhalbhu ze-halogen tungsten, izibane ezintsha ze-arc ezikhanyayo kakhulu, njalo njalo.
(1) Ibhalbhu ekhanyayo: i-filament yayo yenziwe ngocingo lwe-tungsten (i-tungsten inendawo yokunyibilika ephezulu kunye nokukhanya okuqinileyo). Ngexesha lokwenziwa, ukuze kwandiswe ubomi benkonzo yebhalbhu, ibhalbhu izaliswe yigesi engasebenziyo (i-nitrogen kunye nomxube wayo weegesi ezingasebenziyo). Oku kunokunciphisa ukufuma kwentambo ye-tungsten, kunyuse ubushushu be-filament, kwaye kunyuse ukusebenza kakuhle kokukhanya. Ukukhanya okuvela kwibhalbhu ekhanyayo kunombala otyheli.
(2) Isibane se-Tungsten halide: Ibhalbhu yokukhanya ye-tungsten halide ifakwa kwigesi engasebenziyo kwi-element ethile ye-halide (efana ne-iodine, i-chlorine, i-fluorine, i-bromine, njl.njl.), kusetyenziswa umgaqo we-tungsten halide recycling reaction, oko kukuthi, i-tungsten gaseous ephuma kwi-filament isabela ne-halogen ukuvelisa i-tungsten halide eguquguqukayo, esasazeka kwindawo enobushushu obuphezulu kufutshane ne-filament, kwaye iboliswe bubushushu, ukuze i-tungsten ibuyiselwe kwi-filament. I-halogen ekhutshiweyo iyaqhubeka nokusasaza kwaye ithatha inxaxheba kwi-reaction yomjikelo olandelayo, ngoko ke umjikelo uyaqhubeka, ngaloo ndlela uthintela ukufuma kwe-tungsten kunye nokuba mnyama kwebhalbhu. Ubungakanani bebhalbhu yokukhanya ye-Tungsten halogen buncinci, iqokobhe lebhalbhu lenziwe ngeglasi ye-quartz enokumelana nobushushu obuphezulu kunye namandla aphezulu oomatshini, phantsi kwamandla afanayo, ukukhanya kwesibane se-tungsten halogen kuphindwe kayi-1.5 kunokwesibane se-incandescent, kwaye ubomi bude kayi-2 ukuya kathathu.
(3) Isibane esitsha se-arc esikhanyayo kakhulu: Esi sibane asinayo i-filament yendabuko kwibhalbhu. Endaweni yoko, ii-electrode ezimbini zifakwa ngaphakathi kwityhubhu ye-quartz. Ityhubhu izaliswe yi-xenon kunye nee-trace metals (okanye ii-metal halides), kwaye xa kukho i-voltage eyaneleyo ye-arc kwi-electrode (5000 ~ 12000V), igesi iqala ukwenza i-ionize kwaye iqhube umbane. Iiathom zegesi zikwimeko yovuyo kwaye ziqala ukukhupha ukukhanya ngenxa yokutshintsha kwenqanaba lamandla ee-electron. Emva kwe-0.1s, inani elincinci lomphunga we-mercury liyaphuma phakathi kwee-electrodes, kwaye umbane udluliselwa ngoko nangoko kwi-mercury vapor arc discharge, uze udluliselwe kwisibane se-halide arc emva kokuba ubushushu bunyukile. Emva kokuba ukukhanya kufike kubushushu obuqhelekileyo bokusebenza kwebhalbhu, amandla okugcina i-arc discharge aphantsi kakhulu (malunga ne-35w), ngoko ke i-40% yamandla ombane inokulondolozwa.
